Introduction to Wireless Technology
Number of wireless communication
devices and system are being implemented in daily life. Various walkie-talkie,
remote consoles, mobile phones etc. are some of the best example of wireless
device communication. In late 1876, some of the terms of wireless communication
had started however it was not implemented widely as today.
The term ‘Wireless’ refers to lack of wires. Technology that uses
various radio signal or wave to exchange info without any means of any cables
or types of wires is termed as wireless technology. Wireless tech uses acoustic
or electric magnetic wave (EM) instead of using any propagating medium like
wires or cables.
Likewise, Electric Magnetic waves travel according to the speed of light
in open space and in closed medium like wires. This allows for better and
faster data communication.
Here, delay transfer of information is equal to the length of cable
used. Thus, cable or any physical medium is ignored in wireless technology.
Here are some of the wireless communication technologies explained
below.
1.1. Introduction to Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi use radio waves or frequency to transfer information at high
speed without any wires. Wi-Fi is a trademark standard of 802.11x. Devices
built recently are Wi-Fi incompatible devices. Wi-Fi occupies the certain range
of 100 feet and can transfer at the rate of 54 Mbps.
Wi-Fi known as Wireless Fidelity is a simpler method of accessing
broadband type of Internet to any gadgets without any means of wires. Each
wireless component or the parts that establish a Wireless networks or Wi-Fi
networks is called as Wireless Stations. Such components may be a router,
mobile, hub or any modem.
Wi-Fi accessible
gadgets like mobiles, laptops, tablets, watches and various gaming consoles are
accessible to specific Wireless Access Points. Thus, this type of Wireless
Access Points is known as hotspots and can have minimum or appropriate range of
20 meters within an organization or a building.
While accessing Internet on the particular appliances, the
computer/devices first sends and specific address to the router which request a
particular page from the Modem.
Thereafter, modem is connected to the following ISP and sends the
particular address of DNS server to the device.
Particularly there are
four groups of Wi-Fi networks. They are as follows:
è WLAN
Wireless Local Area
Network
Available its features
for a limited geographical arena i.e. an office or a school
è WPAN
Wireless Personal Area
Network
Available its functions
and features to the specific person with a distinct username and password.
è WWAN
Wireless Wide Area
Networks
Occupies a large
geographical area
Connection can be cell
switched, packet switched or dedicated connections.
1.2.Introduction
to Bluetooth
Bluetooth is one of the wireless technologies
used for exchange or transfer of data with in short ranges or wavelength. It is
simply a radio communication method which consumes less power, short wavelength
or distance between each device. It is a simpler method for smartphones,
Personal Computers PC’s, Digital Camera’s, Printers and other devices to
connect together over a short distance using radio wave technology. Bluetooth
is an open wireless personal area network.
Figure 2: Bluetooth tech
Bluetooth is conducted
by Bluetooth Special Interest Group; IEEE nominates Bluetooth standard as IEEE
802.15.1. Bluetooth ranges to 10 meters of distance and can transfer in the
rate of 720 Kbps.
It is simple technology
to deduct number of wires i.e. cable elimination technology. Nowadays, we can
find various Bluetooth headphones, Bluetooth Mouse, Bluetooth Selfie Rod, and
Bluetooth Camera and various MP3 players. Every Bluetooth devices enable a
transceiver that receives radio signals to pair up with each device as a sender
and receiver.
1.3.Introduction
to GPS
GPS known as Global
Partitioning System is a network of satellites orbiting in a space which
function as satellite based navigation system. GPS is suitable in any type of
weather situation, anywhere in the globe and 24 hours daily with no any fees
and deduction. GPS is mainly grouped into 3 parts i.e. Satellites, Receivers
and Ground Satellites.
Figure 3: GPS tech
Satellites are like
stars in a space to track each and every ground satellites and receivers.
Ground Satellite usually uses radar to confirm or track that where we are
geographically. Likewise, a receiver from your smartphones, car etc. is
constantly receiving signals from satellites.
The first concept of GPS was developed in USA Department of Defense for
Military Use.
Realistic fact about
GPS is that anybody who access or has a GPS tracking receiver in smartphones
can access the signals from satellites and can track the exact location, time ,
direction , maps and distances. Nowadays it is openly used in various shipping
purpose, airline tracking, tracking vehicle and getting direction and map,
tracking missile for military etc.
1.4.Introduction to GPRS
GPRS i.e. General
Packet Radio Service which is packet based wireless internet service. GPRS is
also called as 2.5G network. The main purpose is to facilitate data transfer on
2G and 3G network system for mobile base
communication approach i.e. GSM network. GPRS has transfer rate of data from 56
to 114Kbps. GPRS is 10 times more faster and quicker than any circuit switched
data services and three times more quicker than telecommunication service
network. Data is simply converted to smaller parts i.e. packets and spread to
the network through radio waves. In order to use this service, device must be
compatible to GPRS setting and GSM network. It also supports Bluetooth for
eliminating wires for wireless communications. It is inexpensive as compared to
other wireless communication and technology.
2. History
2.1. Wi-Fi History
In late 1988 the father
of Wi-Fi named Victor Hayes took an evolutionary step in IEEE to access the standard he developed
for NCR corporation.
In late 1985, US
Federal Communications Commission FCC began various radio frequencies like
900MHz, 2.4 GHz etc. however such frequency lacks penetration and coverage
since its frequencies are consumed by other electronic devices like micro oven.
In early 1988, Victor
took a revolutionary lead from IEEE by his WLAN standards named as 802.11.
Hence, it was started again in 1997 officially by IEEE where it was able to
transfer data at 2 Mbps. After Victor , Agere tried to succeed the market of
WLAN but he ruined the business in 2004. . But in 2003, Wi-Fi bandwidth and
strength has increased drastically up to 54 Mbps and named 802.11a. 802.11a is
of limited coverage and of high cost. Later 802.11b is released into the market
which leads Wi-Fi gain its popularity rapidly in the market which was cheaper
but with higher range. Due to inexpensiveness and quality surfing, 802.11b
suffers from compatibility problems. Hence, a team of six companies is gathered
in 1999, and developed Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance WECA.
Currently, Li-Fi is under research to replace the Wi-Fi system because it is
faster i.e. data transfers from the light signals.
2.2. Bluetooth History
As users nowadays are
nitpicky and broad, they want everything simple and clear. Thus demand of
devices to connect with other devices without any wires is also growing. Thus, Ericsson developed PAN i.e.
Personal Area Network in early 1994 AD. Bluetooth is named after Haral Blatand
, Danish King. The main objective of Bluetooth is to connect different devices
from different companies like Microsoft, Mac Apple within limited budget and
less power in secured way. In 1988 various company like Intel, Toshiba, Nokia etc. worked together
with Ericsson and came up with SIG Special Interest Group to finalize the best
Personal Area Network. 802.15.1 of
IEEE is specific Bluetooth standard
which was certified by IEEE.
Bluetooth 4.0 is the
latest version approved by SIG and IEEE
2.3.GPS
History
GPS was first used in
US in military purpose however it was not ever developed vastly as today. GPS
was used during the cold war to aid the people and also to track the missile
and bombs. In early 1960s, GPS was used in ships to track the route of the sea.
But in late 1980s, GPS has been available free to everyone at anywhere with a
GPS receiver. At the early medieval period people used to track the locations
based on the stones, rivers, mountains and different topography structures.
Thereafter, people used to draw map in paper to navigate their locations and
destination which was really complex to understand. Sailors in ship used
magnetic compasses and air flow method to find the route of the sea. But now
people are using GPS technology connecting through four of the satellites to
detail the exact location, forecast of weather, temperature and so on. In early
1964 AD, satellite was introduced however it takes several minutes to gather
the detail of the location from its radio station. Lately in 1978, GPS
satellite was sent to the space but they are only available to the limited
people. President Regan then made it available to the public freely in 1984 AD.
2.4.History
of GPRS
GPRS is the wireless
communication technology which services the wireless internet in smartphones
and other gears. In early 2000, GPRS begun as packet data service assemble
worldwide for mobile data communication network (GSM). Likewise in 1991 to 1993 protocol CELLPAC is
made which was revolutionary point for introducing features of GPRS standards
by FTSI SMG. CELLPAC voice pack and Internet Data pack sevives was purposed in
1993. Bernhard Walke and Peter Decker were the inventor or founder of GPRS. Real
time transfer of packets is possible in GPRS. It allows fast, efficient and
cheaper services to the mobile users. Surfing in the internet is viral using
GPRS communication technology
3. Current
Technology
This is 21st
century where the globe is becoming smaller due to various innovations and
discoveries. Also, technology is severely growing and precisely accurate,
reliable than earlier. As demands of people’s increases, innovations come up
with more additional features to satisfy the user. Nowadays, wireless
technology is viral and had a wide position in the market lead. Thus, users now are nitpicky and more
serious, they want all the things perfectly. They do not want to mess up with
their smartphones that is messed up with junks of wires. So, wireless tech is
trending today.
Recently, Li-Fi
technology is under development to replace the Wi-Fi technology completely.
Li-Fi transfer or buffers the data in the form of light which is far better
than electromagnetic or radio waves used by Wi-Fi. Cloud storage/computing,
printing 3dimensional objects, Advanced Artificial Intelligence, Virtual and
Augmented Reality, Auto Pilot or Driver less Cars etc. fully replaces the
current technology to the future. Besides, smartphones are getting smarter in
terms of CPU speed, performance, storage and features. Storage of data
virtually on the Internet i.e. Cloud Computing is a hot and burnt topic of
Wireless tech today.
Internet on Things
(IOT) is a hot topic of Wireless technology i.e. Internet on Everything. For
example appliances like Refrigerator, Wallet etc. i.e. Refrigerator can buy or
order the foods, vegetables, fruits, meats, drinks etc. if they are out of
stock in refrigerator.
Similarly, GPS
navigation is widely used in various DRONES and Quad copter for autopilot and
shipping the product to the home.
4. Objectives
This project is
conducted for the following purposes:
·
Learn different wireless communication
technology
·
Impact of technologies in daily life.
·
Understand applicable uses of wireless
communication technology.
·
Learn about types of network
architecture, its protocols and its topologies.
·
Future enhancement of Wireless
Technology
5.
Protocols
5.1.Wi-Fi
Protocols
IEEE
802.11 standard protocol are listed below.
I.
IEEE 802.11a (WI-FI 5)
è This
Physical layer standard was released in 1999.
è Called
as WIFI 5
è Works
on unlicensed OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which have 52
channels
è 6
– 54 Mbps.
II.
IEEE 802.11b
è Older
standard protocol released in 1999
è 2.4
GHz radio frequency.
è CCK (Complementary Code Keying) for quick data
transfer
è 1,2,5.5
and 11 Mbps data transfer rates
III.
IEEE 802.11g
è Surplus
to 802.11b released in 2003.
è Data
transfer rate 54 Mbps
è Frequency
within 2.4 GHz OFDM
5.2.Bluetooth
Protocols
Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG) has defined Bluetooth core protocols and divided it into
two stacks. They are: host stack and controller stack. Controller Stack is
responsible for all features related to time which was coded in cheap silicon
thing. But host stack is viable for all high level data as an operating system.
Those Bluetooth devices like Bluetooth Speakers contains both host and
controller stack in a single chip to reduce high construction cost. Following
are the Bluetooth protocols explained below:
1.
Baseband
It point and control
the address to the connection. Baseband is responsible for timing
functionalities and power usage.
2.
Radio
It evaluates the
frequency of the transmitting signals and power usage to transmit the data.
3.
Link Manager Protocol
LMP is viable for
initiating, setting and tearing down the connection of Bluetooth.
It also handles system
security, verification and encryption of data.
4.
Service Discovery Protocol
It allows device to add
more than two devices at a time. Also, it asks user to accept the device pair
request to transfer data or to establish a connection.
5.
L2CAP
It allows both
connection base and connection less services. It manipulates basic layers from
Baseband to the various upper level protocols.
5.3.GPS
Protocol
GPS is a tech that
identifies the exact location of the user. Thus, question arises on how it can
determine the location in real time. Absolutely there might have various
protocols and algorithms which in result provide user location. Latitude and
Longitude details are must to know the specific location of the user or
destination.
5.4.GPRS
Protocol
GPRS uses GSM network
to facilitate packet based service. GPRS allows transferring data at the rate
of 9.6 Kbps to 150 Kbps. Protocols used by GPRS are as follows:
1.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP is a simpler
protocol to connect telephone line to a specific server platform for
communication via wireless devices or desktops.
It is applicable to tunnel internet protocol; if mobile are tuned as a
modem to the connected devices. Widely used for transferring multi-protocol
data.
2.
Internet Protocol
IP address connects the
devices to the server and hence server offers the access to the service. It has
two of the versions IPV6 and IPV4. Latest devices also supports this Internet
Protocol.
6.
Network Topology:
Network
topology is partitioned into two sorts – 1) physical topology: which is the
physical association of various hub together to frame a network. For example
star, bus, ring, tree topology. 2) Logical topology: It shows the real method
for how information are moved through wires in topology. If there should arise
an occurrence of remote or wireless connection we utilize remote switch,
repeater, and bridges to associate with various hubs to make a physical
topology.
1. Wireless
Repeater: It is an electronic gadget which is use to repeat the signal flag
that it get and furthermore amplify the signal. It is essentially used to boost
the coverage area. It is not famous since it diminishes the transmission and
bandwidth capacity.
Here in the figure, root
unit release its signal. Access point B is the repeater that is receiving and
boosting up the signals generated by the Access point A.
2. Wireless
Bridge: Bridge is an electronic which
can be utilized to interface two distinctive devices together to make
information flow between them. It is generally utilized as a part of Wi-Fi
computer network. Communication of Access point is compulsory for wireless
bridging over in Wi-Fi. Access Point likewise known by Basic Service Set (BSS).
To connect two BBS systems wireless bridge is essential.
è Point-to-point
Bridge: Point-to-point Bridge is often used when we need to connect two local
area network components.
è Point-to-multipoint
Bridge: Point to Multi Point Bridge is often used when we need to connect
numerous network using an individual access point.
7. Architecture:
7.1.
Wi-Fi
architecture
è Point-to-point:
One access point from another access
point is connected wirelessly.
è Point-to-multipoint: Individual access point is connected to
several other access points
è Many-to-Many:
This architecture denotes that every access point is linked up with numerous
access point which in results create a mesh topology.
7.2.Bluetooth
architecture
è Piconet:
Connection of several devices in a network implementing Bluetooth Technology.
Here number of 8 device can connect to a network at once. It uses Master and
Slave approach for the connection i.e. one device act as a leader and other are
his follower/slave. It ranges to only 10 meter of the distance
It is the combo of Piconet. If one
of the device from Piconet access to a another separate Piconet as a slave,
then this architecture succeeds.
7.3.GPS
architecture
GPS
is simply divided into 3 responsible parts i.e. space satellites, ground
satellites as controller and receiver as user. First, space satellites send and
receive the signal from controller or receiver and send back to the ground
station. Thereafter ground station send the information further to its several
control stations. Master Station(Ground Satellite) is actually controlled by several control station. User /
receiver need to be connected with four of the satellites to function
accurately.
7.5.GPRS architecture
GGSN:
Gateway GPRS Support Node. GSGN is a
combo of 3 components i.e. firewall, gateway and a router. It checks user to
confirm that they are in a circular radius of the network for the security
reasons. It checks both IP types of Network as well as GPRS network.
è SGSN: Servicing GPRS Support Node. SGSN identify
whether connection is invalid or disturbed in a network. Features of SSGN are as follows:
·
Logical Link Management
·
Mobility Management
·
Service Charge
8.
Application Areas
8.1.
Wi-Fi:
Wi-Fi
has finally covered the world with its network i.e. from a small office to
everyone’s home and even roads/highway.
This is due to its scalability, wireless and easy accessibility.
Nowadays Wi-Fi is used in every sector i.e.
è Education
Learning
through Internet /Online is easily accessible.
è Health
People
use Wi-Fi access to Internet to search the symptom, precautions and know about
different diseases.
è Entertainment
People
use Wi-Fi for playing Online games, watching videos on Internet, downloading
Files etc.
è Research
Scientist/analyst
uses Wi-Fi to research on the particular subject on the Internet through Wi-Fi.
è Communication
People
chat on different social sites or application on the Internet though Wi-Fi.
8.2.Bluetooth:
Bluetooth
is generally accessible in 4 to 10 meters of range. Various gadgets like
Keyboard, Mouse, Headphones, Bluetooth Speaker, Bluetooth Selfie Rod and
Tripod, Digital Cameras are connected or paired as Bluetooth input or output
devices. Also, Bluetooth can be used to share file instantly in real time
without any cables or drives. Some of the application cans able Bluetooth to
text message and play multi-player games via pairing with Bluetooth.
8.3.GPS:
GPS
is an innovative and ideal technology for today. People are being fully
serviced through GPS in their daily life. It is associated with real time
navigation process which provides the exact location of the transceiver.
Nowadays, it is used to track the Product Shipping, Vehicle Tracking, Military
purpose to track their troop’s members, arms and ammunitions. Misdirection is
less seen in today’s vehicle also GPS is used to calculate the shortest route
to destination .Besides, weather forecasting and sudden climate change
information of your location and entire world
can be tracked here. Also various researches on GPS along with
Artificial Intelligence is going on. For example: A driverless vehicle is being
built with embedded GPS and artificial intelligence to drive a car without any
driver. Similarly, drone manufacturing company DJI PHANTOM is working on auto
pilot drone to ship the product from Amazon to the customer door.
8.4.GPRS:
Every
people are handful of smart phones and gadgets. Thus, GPRS has criticized an
important role to make that device smarter and helpful. GPRS allows smartphone
to access Internet facility any time anywhere in the globe. For example : Various SIM(Subscriber Identity
Module) inserted into smartphone is
embed by various GPRS settings to allows user to access the Internet.
9. Implementation
9.1.Wi-Fi
Cost and Benefits:
Nowadays we use Wi-Fi in almost every devices and gears like mobiles, watches
etc. It is easy to setup and install
Wi-Fi setup for your personal use. The
initial cost of hardware for setup Wi-Fi will be expensive however it is
affordable after is setup completely. It requires skilled manpower to setup
Wi-Fi which consumes more cost. Besides, regular maintenance is must. At last
not the least, Wi-Fi is popular due to its wireless property for communication.
Thus wasting money on those junk of wired connection or technology, it is worth
of investing money on Wi-Fi tech.
Future Enhancements:
Wi-Fi is undertaking its market position all over the world. Wi-Fi is being
implemented in various organizations to communicate with their team and has already
shifted to wireless connection. All hotels, café, cafeteria, Shopping Malls,
Parks, Road Side etc. are using Wi-Fi for their general communication purpose
or security purposes. Li-Fi will completely replace Wi-Fi in few years or in
future which is very secured, reliable and fast because it transfer data in the
form of light signals.
Cost and Benefits:
Bluetooth is comparatively used or compatible in every of the devices like
Laptops, Smart Phones etc. Various input and output devices like mouse,
keyboards , speakers, headphones, Selfie Rods and tripods etc. are connected
with Bluetooth because they would be messy if they are connected with wires.
Bluetooth is selected to transfer data to other devices if they are connected
in short ranges. It is cheaper to get Bluetooth hardware i.e. receiver and
transmitter easily. Installation is also easy to setup Bluetooth hardware for
communication.
Future
Enhancement: Recently Bluetooth 4.0 is released with more area coverage and
features. It is a simple tech to transfer data and files with no cost.
Cost and Benefits:
To establish a secure GPS connections, there needs a lot of hardware which is
very expensive to install comparatively to other Wireless technology. Various
satellites, ground satellites and receivers collectively establish GPS
connections. All the cost required for setup and installation as well as
manpower cost is also added. GPS should be maintained at regular interval
because it is a large and complex system. Failure of Hardware even cost more to
repair it thoroughly.
Future
Enhancements: Numerous of GPS user is increasing in every parts of the
globe. It is widely used by tourist, passenger all over from the world to track
the map, direction, hotels and restaurants, tourist destinations GPS is also
adding Augmented Reality and realistic 3d view of every place from the world.
Additionally, climate change, temperature, weather forecasting is also
predicted through GPS.
9.4.GPRS
Cost and Benefits: GPRS setting are built in every mobile and
smartphones. Hardware cost is also marked to the actual cost of the device.
GPRS is pre-installed in every smartphones thus cost of installation is
automatically reduced. It serves as a packet based approach, but varies
accordingly to the usage capacity i.e. if user watches 4K quality videos on the
Internet using GPRS it might cost more. Maintenance cost is not needed
particularly.
Future Enhancements:
GPRS should boost up their data transfer rate and should charge less
.
10. Hardware:
All
the physical components within the network, is called networking hardware. It
is impossible to predict a wireless communication system without its hardware
and software. Here are some of the hardware and software requirements of these
wireless technologies.
è Router: This device simply connects with multiple
networks with different protocol. It is the smart device which sends data to
the sender searching the shortest available paths to reach destination. Those
devices accessing certain wireless adaptor of the network can also connect to
the services of Wi-Fi.
è Wireless
Network Adapter: Termed as Network Interface Cards (NICs). It is optional for
the device to connect to the network. Nowadays, every device such as laptops,
cameras, smartphones etc. is built in
with specific wireless adaptor. However, some of the old desktop computers do not have built in adaptor. Thus, they had
to buy a separate network interface card or adaptor for connection to Wi-Fi.
è Antennas:
Various antennas are used to boost the strength of radio signals and increase
the network coverage to the specific are. Some router has its antenna built or
attached to their body but they can be easily detached or can be separated
easily. We can also buy a higher range of antennas separately.
Bluetooth consist of
two module built inside it. They are link module and radio module. Such module
are the hardware component of the Bluetooth which is responsible for creating
connection and transfer data from one to the other. For example: A Bluetooth
speaker should connect with Smart Phone, and then both of these should contain
Bluetooth module embedded to the devices. Similarly, if the devices are in the
network coverage or in their range such module detect each other and pair up
with them to make a secure connection.
GPS is fully base on
satellite navigating system, so there are various typical hardware such as
receiver, ground satellites, space satellites for receiving data from
satellites. GPS is totally dependent on radio frequencies; hence it uses
various antennas on the earth to boos up the frequency again. Likewise various
GPS servers and Powerful Super Computers are used at various places in the
world.
Already
installed in the devices .by the manufacturers
11. Software:
Software
in Networking refers to the system protocols or settings developed as interface
in the devices. It is the critical anatomy or circulatory system of the
networking system. If any of the hardware or software fails, whole network
suffers. Software are unique and different for each technology i.e. GPS
navigation software won’t be able to service Bluetooth features. Software in
Wireless Networking Technology includes various drivers and system settings.
Here,
in wireless technology software sets all the security procedures and stores all
security breaches and access in the server. Besides, people who are known to
method of accessing wireless tech can easily get through the system otherwise
it detects the flaws of the user and immediately block the user. Software is
the backbone to hardware because it provides the real intelligence to hardware
components.
Some
of the software that uses GPS is as follows:
è Google
Map
è Google
Earth
BluetoothView
is one of the Bluetooth Software
12. Merits
and Demerits
|
|
Advantage
|
Disadvantages
|
|
Wi-Fi
|
Simpler to setup and install
Inexpensive
Elimination of Wires
Scalable
Supports unlicensed radio spectrum
|
For personal use and covers limited
area.
Less secured.
Data transfer is low comparing to
Wired connections
Less reliable
|
|
Bluetooth
|
Simpler to pair or connect
Consumes less battery usage
Data transfer is easy if devices are
connected within limited area.
|
Slow data transfer
Limited area coverage
Time consuming
|
|
GPS
|
Useful for navigation
Real time navigation of aero planes
and military missile and troops
Determines Weather Forecasting and
climate change
|
Difficult to access
Device should need special type of
processor and should be GPS compatible.
Expensive and hard to install.
|
|
GPRS
|
Accessible everywhere even in urban
places.
Smartphones are in applicable to GPRS
Installation and Setup is simpler
|
Expensive
Devices should be compatible to GPRS
setting.
|
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